Typhoid Fever in Sudan: Some Geographic and Time Considerations from 2000 through 2008
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Typhoid is used worldwide as an indicator of the level of public health, since it is caused mainly by unhygienic conditions. This article describes geographic and temporal trends of typhoid in northern Sudan as indicative of the level of community hygiene from 2000 to 2008, based on official governmental statistics published in 2009-10. Southern Sudan is excluded for this period because of lack of data. The main findings show that typhoid has a general fluctuating pattern, while three-year prevalence rates depict a steady increase. Regional differences by three-year prevalence rates are remarkable between the central region, including Khartoum and Gezira, and other regions of Sudan; these differences are statistically significant at all significance levels. Geographic proximity is influential in the distribution of typhoid within Sudan's states. The three-year prevalence rates distinguished two major groups of spatial distribution of typhoid by state. The first group shows a continuous increase in typhoid...
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".