Two Sample Tests for the Nonparametric Behrens-Fisher Problem with Clustered Data
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, we consider the nonparametric Behrens–Fisher problem with cluster-correlated data. A class of weighted Mann–Whitney test statistics is introduced and studied. In particular, a comparison with other recent testing procedures for related problems is provided. The new tests are valid when the distributions do not have the same scales and/or shapes under the null hypothesis. A general class of weighted U-statistics for clustered data, encompassing the Mann–Whitney statistic, is also introduced. A simulation studies the type I error robustness and the power of the new and of some recently proposed procedures. This study shows that the incorporation of appropriate weights can greatly improve the power of the test. A real data example illustrates the use of the tests.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it