Bibliographic record
Abstract
A new square-fractal-element grid was designed to investigate the decay of turbulent kinetic energy far downstream of a fractal geometry. The grid is composed of several square fractal elements mounted to a background mesh. Measurements of the decay of turbulent kinetic energy at ReL0 = 57,000 in the region 23 ≤ x/L0 ≤ 45, where LO is the size of the largest element in the grid, yield a power-law decay of the form 〈q2〉 ~ (x − x0)m with m = −1.39. This result agrees with values of m previously reported for regular grids, while it contrasts with m ~ −2.5 previously reported for space-filling square fractals (Valente & Vassilicos, 2011). It is also observed that Richardson-Kolmogorov scaling, both for the spectra and for Cε, approximately describes the turbulence produced by this new grid. This is also in agreement with previous regular grid experiments, but contrasts with previous fractal grid experiments. Previous fractal studies have been conducted in the region x/L0 < 20, and thus the contrasting results are attributed primarily to the difference in measurement region relative to L0 of the present and previous studies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".