Design of Concrete-Filled Hollow Structural Steel Columns for Fire Endurance
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The benefits of steel hollow structural sections (HSS) from an aesthetic and structural point of view have long been recognized by architects and engineers in Canada, and more recently in the United States. However, when building codes require structural fire protection, the cost of providing such protection can be expensive for exposed members. Filling an HSS column with concrete not only improves the capacity of the member through composite action at ambient temperatures but also provides fire endurance periods of up to 3 hours depending on the load level, section size, concrete strength and reinforcing characteristics. Physical tests and parametric studies recently completed at the National Fire Laboratory in Ottawa have resulted in design equations which predict the load carrying capacity and fire endurance period of concentrically loaded HSS columns filled with plain concrete, barrein forced concrete and steel fiber-reinforced concrete. The design method is presented, case studies are used to illustrate potential applications, and practical suggestions are made regarding construction techniques.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it