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Record W2596235193 · doi:10.5539/apr.v9n2p65

The Total Energy and Momentum Stored in a Particle

2017· article· en· W2596235193 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

venuePublished in a venue whose home country is Canada.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueApplied Physics Research · 2017
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicExperimental and Theoretical Physics Studies
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsPhysicsKinetic energyRest (music)Momentum (technical analysis)Particle (ecology)Invariant massPhotonTheory of relativityEnergy (signal processing)Energy–momentum relationElectronSpecial relativityNegative massClassical mechanicsNuclear physicsQuantum mechanics

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

In this paper we reconsider the conventional expressions given by special relativity to the energy and momentum of a particle. In the current framework, the particle's energy and momentum are computed using the particle's rest mass, M and rest mass time, t_m=h/M c^2 where t_m has the same time unit as conventionally used for the light velocity c. Therefore it is currently assumed that this definition of time describes the total kinetic and mass energy of a particle as given by special relativity. In this paper we will reexamine the above assumption and suggest describing the particle's energy as a function of its own particular decay time and not with respect to its rest mass time unit. Moreover we will argue that this rest mass time unit currently used is in fact the minimum time unit defined for a particle and that the particle may have more energy stored with in it. Experimental ways to search for this extra energy stored in particles such as electrons and photons are presented.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesScience and technology studies
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: Theoretical or conceptual
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.394
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0010.001
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.001
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.035
GPT teacher head0.347
Teacher spread0.311 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it