Self-Care Strategies and Barriers among Female Service Providers Working with Female Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence/Les Stratégies et Les Barrières De Soins Auto-Administrés Parmi Les Femmes Travaillant Avec Les Femmes Ayant Survécu la Violence Domestique

Research has made it very clear that stress in the workplace can lead to burnout. This has been demonstrated in research with nurses (Cubias, 2013), teachers (Friesen, Prokop, & Sarros, 1988; Kyriacou, 2001), police officers (Burke, 1993; Martinussen, Richardsen, & Burke, 2007), accountants (Sweeney & Summers, 2002), and psychologists (Rupert & Morgan, 2005), amongst many other professionals. Burnout, in its most widely adopted conceptualization, is a three-dimensional concept, characterized by (a) emotional exhaustion, (b) dep- ersonalization or a negative shift in responses to others (particularly clients), and (c) a decreased of personal satisfaction and accomplishment (Maslach, 1982). Workload and role stress have both been found to consistently be linked to burnout (Hansung & Stoner, 2008; Maslach, 1982; Yurur & Sarikaya, 2012). Contributors to role stress can include role conflict, when an individual may have two or more role requirements that work against each other, and role ambiguity, which involves uncertainty about one's responsibilities in the workplace (Matteson & Ivancevich, 1982).One of the most emotionally exhausting fields of work is arguably within the field of mental health (Leiter & Harvie, 1996), and thus burnout is likely to be high for individuals in this field, with Falkoski (2012) calling such occupations high-risk. According to Leiter and Harvie (1996), who performed a review of burnout among mental health workers, perception of a large caseload (rather than the caseload itself ) was positively correlated with burnout. Moreover, personal distress (i.e., feelings of personal unease and of anxiety in tense interpersonal situations) was also linked to burnout, as were client anger, aggression, and negative behaviour. Social support (through talking with a friend) was negatively correlated with burnout, while physical exercise, relaxation, and sleep were not related to burnout (Leiter & Harvie, 1996). Mental health workers of trauma can sometimes bear the brunt of this exhaustion and burnout.The American Psychiatric Association's (2013) description of posttraumatic stress disorder notes that a traumatic event does not need to occur directly to an individual (i.e., one can learn about the traumatic event occurring to someone else) for them to meet the criteria for a diagnosis. Some literature may refer to this indirect reaction to trauma as secondary traumatic stress, or vicarious trauma. Secondary traumatic stress, the emotional duress and stress response that occurs when a person is secondarily influenced by the trauma of another person (Figley, 1995), is thought to be an acute reaction that likely develops suddenly, with symptoms being extremely similar to those of posttraumatic stress disorder (Sodeke-Gregson, Holttum, & Billings, 2013). Vicarious trauma, on the other hand, focuses on the disrupted frame of reference that can occur due to exposure to traumatic experiences (Sodeke-Gregson et al., 2013) and that may permanently impact therapists' beliefs about their sense of self, world view, spirituality, affect tolerance, interpersonal relationships, and imagery system of memory (Pearlman, 1999, p. 52). Regardless of its categorization, those counsellors working within the field of trauma and abuse are at a higher risk of being negatively affected by the work that they do (Pross, 2006; Shapiro, Brown, & Biegel, 2007). A study conducted by Sodeke-Gregson and colleagues (2013) found that much of their sample was at elevated rates of risk for secondary traumatic stress and compassion fatigue (ranging from 38% to 70%), with more than a quarter of their sample being at high risk for burnout. It is possible that the combined high risk for burnout amongst mental health professionals (Morse, Salyers, Rollins, Monroe-DeVita, & Pfahler, 2012) and the additional risk for vicarious trauma and secondary traumatic stress (Pross, 2006; Shapiro et al. …

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