Influence of Epidemiologic and Patient Behavior–Related Predictors on Amputation Rates in Diabetic Patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Amputation of patients with diabetic foot is a major issue worldwide, particularly from a medical and economic standpoint. This meta-analysis aimed to identify significant risk factors of high amputation rate among epidemiologic and patient behavior-related predictors in diabetic patients. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis were performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. Seven variables were extracted from the included studies and evaluated based on amputation rate. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess the quality of the studies. The search strategy identified 101 publications. After screening, 33 articles were selected for review. Male sex and smoking were identified as significant risk factors of high amputation rate of diabetic foot. Although further investigation of long-term and randomized controlled studies is needed, we identified 2 variables as significant risk factors for high amputation rate in diabetic patients in this meta-analysis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.017 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.007 | 0.022 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".