Children’s Physical Activity and Depression: A Meta-analysis
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
CONTEXT: Research regarding the protective effects of early physical activity on depression has yielded conflicting results. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to synthesize observational studies examining the association of physical activity in childhood and adolescence with depression. DATA SOURCES: Studies (from 2005 to 2015) were identified by using a comprehensive search strategy. STUDY SELECTION: The included studies measured physical activity in childhood or adolescence and examined its association with depression. DATA EXTRACTION: Data were extracted by 2 independent coders. Estimates were examined by using random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS: Fifty independent samples (89 894 participants) were included, and the mean effect size was significant (r = –0.14; 95% confidence interval [CI] = –0.19 to –0.10). Moderator analyses revealed stronger effect sizes in studies with cross-sectional versus longitudinal designs (k = 36, r = –0.17; 95% CI = –0.23 to –0.10 vs k = 14, r = –0.07; 95% CI = –0.10 to –0.04); using depression self-report versus interview (k = 46, r = –0.15; 95% CI = –0.20 to –0.10 vs k = 4, r = –0.05; 95% CI = –0.09 to –0.01); using validated versus nonvalidated physical activity measures (k = 29, r = –0.18; 95% CI = –0.26 to –0.09 vs k = 21, r = –0.08; 95% CI = –0.11 to –0.05); and using measures of frequency and intensity of physical activity versus intensity alone (k = 27, r = –0.17; 95% CI = –0.25 to –0.09 vs k = 7, r = –0.05; 95% CI = –0.09 to –0.01). LIMITATIONS: Limitations included a lack of standardized measures of physical activity; use of self-report of depression in majority of studies; and a small number of longitudinal studies. CONCLUSIONS: Physical activity is associated with decreased concurrent depressive symptoms; the association with future depressive symptoms is weak.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it