From Bastardy to Equality: The Rights of Nonmartial Children and their Fathers in Comparative Perspective
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper examines nonmarital childbearing, which has become more prevalent in many industrialized nations, as a problem of state regulatory policy. Illegitimacy is here treated as a legal construct that has outlived its justification because discrimination on the basis of birth cannot be reconciled with modern notions of fairness and individual rights. Policies adopted in the U.S. and in Europe are reviewed and evaluated based on the criterion of nondiscrimination. Universal and mandatory paternity establishment, combined with a guarantee of equality in parent-child relationships irrespective of marriage, best protect the interests of non-marital children and their fathers. It is also good social policy in that it affirms procreation and childrearing as joint parental endeavors, protects the child’s right to a relationship with both parents, and furthers some of the state’s interests in marriage by making out-of-wedlock birth similar in its legal and actual consequences to a decision to marry, which the State cannot compel.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.014 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".