Capital Structure Choice and Firm Value: New Empirical Evidence from Asymmetric Causality Test
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the possible asymmetric causal relationship between capital structure and firm value by employing the asymmetric causality test of Hatemi-J (2012), on a time series data of Turkish manufacturing industry (consisting of Borsa Istanbul listed manufacturing firms) for the period of 1990.Q1-2015.Q4. Test results point out a unidirectional asymmetric causal relationship between capital structure and firm value, indicating that capital structure Granger-cause firm value when shocks are negative, but not when shocks are positive. More explicitly, a decrease in total debt ratio leads to a decrease in the market-to-book value ratio. Considering the effect of only negative shock, this empirical finding also supports partial evidence to the validity of trade-off theory which predicts a positive relationship between debt level and firm value.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.022 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".