The Linkage Between Work and Family: Female’s Employment Patterns in Three Chinese Societies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper examines female’s employment patterns across three consecutive family life stages with an attempt to ascertain the possible impact of marriage and childbirth on female’s employment behaviors. Comparable data sets of Taiwan, Tianjin, and Shanghai are used to compare female’s family and work situations. It is assumed that while cultural homogeneity leads to similar changes in the family system, different political and economic development may produce different outcomes on female’s employment patterns. The analysis focuses on how marriage and childbirth as most critical family life stages affect female’s employment. The result shows that despite the difference between the continuous employment pattern of Mainland Chinese females and the 40% withdrawal after marriage and childbirth of Taiwanese females, all females act according to the external demands of the macro and the micro social structure in her employment patterns. Cohort variations clearly indicate that females respond to the emergence of new employment opportunity, especially in Taiwan and Tianjin. The shift from formal to informal employment at various family stages plays an important adjusting function for females facing the challenge from the incompatibility of work and family roles. Consistent with the course of economic development in Taiwan and the economic reform in Mainland China, females tend to adopt flexible strategy to fulfill their economic contribution by participating in either the formal or the informal work sector.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".