The E3 ligase ABI3-INTERACTING PROTEIN2 negatively regulates FUSCA3 and plays a role in cotyledon development in Arabidopsis thaliana
Bibliographic record
Abstract
FUSCA3 (FUS3) is a short-lived B3-domain transcription factor that regulates seed development and phase transitions in Arabidopsis thaliana. The mechanisms controlling FUS3 levels are currently poorly understood. Here we show that FUS3 interacts with the RING E3 ligase ABI3-INTERACTING PROTEIN2 (AIP2). AIP2-green fluorescent protein (GFP) is preferentially expressed in the protoderm during early embryogenesis, similarly to FUS3, suggesting that their interaction is biologically relevant. FUS3 degradation is delayed in the aip2-1 mutant and FUS3-GFP fluorescence is increased in aip2-1, but only during mid-embryogenesis, suggesting that FUS3 is negatively regulated by AIP2 at a specific time during embryogenesis. aip2-1 shows delayed flowering and therefore also functions post-embryonically to regulate developmental phase transitions. Plants overexpressing FUS3 post-embryonically in the L1 layer (ML1p:FUS3) show late flowering and other developmental phenotypes that can be rescued by ML1p:AIP2, further supporting a negative role for AIP2 in FUS3 accumulation. However, additional factors regulate FUS3 levels during embryogenesis, as ML1:AIP2 seeds do not resemble fus3-3. Lastly, targeted expression of a RING-inactive AIP2 variant to the protoderm/L1 layer causes FUS3 and ABI3 overexpression phenotypes and defects in cotyledon development. Taken together, these results indicate that AIP2 targets FUS3 for degradation and plays a role in cotyledon development and flowering time in Arabidopsis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".