Public sphere, alternative media and social involvement in Belarus: The role of an individual in history
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Radical media plays a vital role in initiating political changes in totalitarian societies (Hong, 1998; Downing, 2001), by promoting media literacy, and acting as a catalyst to forming social identities among people. Unlike in democratic societies, people living under the totalitarian government are unable to form pressure groups or otherwise voice their concerns to their government (Downing, 2001). As going against the status quo places them at a constant risk of political repression. Moreover, most citizens lack media literacy skills that are critical to assessing the biases hidden in progovernment propaganda (Rose, 1998). This essay discusses the utmost importance of the formation and active development of what Jürgen Habermas refers to as “the public sphere.” This essay sets out to prove that active public participation in the political process is a necessary element of initializing a socio-political reform within totalitarian societies. Underground media outlets are specifically highlighted as promoters of anti-hegemonic codes of the authoritarian rule as radical media can reach out to international governments and NGOs, and bring their attention to the human rights violations. Concerned international players are then able to use financial sanctions and political negotiations to demand cessation of human rights violations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.017 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".