253 Porcine in vitro degradation and fermentation characteristics of canola coproducts without or with fiber-degrading enzymes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine effects of supplementing solvent-extracted canola meal (SECM) and cold-pressed canola cake (CPCC) with fiber-degrading enzymes (multicarbohydrase) and of myrosinase in CPCC on porcine in vitro digestion and fermentation characteristics. The SECM and CPCC were obtained, and half of the CPCC was microwaved to inactivate myrosinase. Samples of SECM, CPCC, and microwaved CPCC (M-CPCC) without or with multicarbohydrase (Superzyme-CS; Canadian Bio-Systems Inc., Calgary, AB, Canada) that supplied 19,200 units of xylanase, 2,400 units of glucanase, 8,000 units of cellulase, 960 units of mannanase, 11,200 units of invertase, 80,000 units of protease, and 192,000 units of amylase per kilogram of feedstuff and of M-CPCC plus myrosinase (Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO) that supplied 9.9 units of myrosinase/g of feedstuff were digested using porcine pepsin and then using pancreatin. Undigested residues were subjected to porcine in vitro fermentation for 72 h. Accumulated gas production was recorded and modeled to estimate kinetics of gas production. Total VFA concentration per unit weight of residue incubated was also measured. On a DM basis, CPCC and SECM contained 29.2 and 40.1% CP, respectively. Myrosinase activity for M-CPCC (7.0 units/g) was lower than that for CPCC (9.1 units/g). The IVDDM for CPCC (63.5%) was greater (P < 0.05) than that for SECM (58.4%). Myrosinase did not affect IVDDM of M-CPCC. Multicarbohydrase increased (P < 0.05) IVDDM of M-CPCC and tended to increase (P = 0.060) IVDDM of CPCC but did not affect IVDDM of SECM. Total gas production for CPCC was less (P < 0.05) than that for SECM (89.6 vs. 105.9 mL/g DM, respectively). Multicarbohydrase reduced (P < 0.05) total gas production for CPCC and SECM. Total VFA production for CPCC was lower (P < 0.05) than that for SECM (1.99 vs. 4.29 mmol/g DM, respectively). Also, total VFA production for CPCC was lower (P < 0.05) than that for SECM (0.73 vs. 1.79 mmol/g DM, respectively). Myrosinase had no effect on total gas or VFA production. Also, multicarbohydrase did not affect total VFA production of the canola coproducts. In conclusion, CPCC was more digestible than SECM, whereas undigested residues of SECM were more fermentable than those of CPCC. Multicarbohydrase had limited effect on IVDDM of SECM but increased IVDDM and reduced fermentation of CPCC or M-CPCC, implying that multicarbohydrase shifted digestibility of CPCC and M-CPCC from fermentation toward digestion. Myrosinase had limited effect on IVDDM and fermentability of CPCC and SECM.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".