Unwanted but Unremovable: Canada's Treatment of “Criminal” Migrants Who Cannot be Removed
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article reports on Canada’s treatment of migrants who are deemed “undesirable” for reasons of actual or alleged criminality, but who cannot be removed from Canadian territory. It identifies five potential outcomes for these individuals: eligible for permanent residence; granted temporary stay of removal until impediment removed; granted temporary status while still under active removal order; placed in legal limbo; or subjected to suspect deportation. The specific rights and restrictions that flow from each of these outcomes vary significantly, but the result in a given case does not appear to reflect deliberate policy choices that consider and treat criminal-unremovable persons as a class. This arbitrariness is exacerbated by the fact that the majority of impediments to removal are not the specific subject of any decision-making process in Canada: a series of sequential tables are used to demonstrate that most impediments to removal are relevant only in highly discretionary contexts where they may be deemed insignificant or given minimal weight. The overall conclusion is that although individuals in this situation face significant hardship, Canada does not have a coherent or deliberate policy regarding their interim or long-term treatment.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it