Surface modification of lignin for applications in polypropylene blends
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT The surface modification of wet‐milled softwood lignin produced with the LignoForce System was successfully carried out in a one‐step aqueous process. Different hydrophobic molecules, including cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, poly(ethylene oxide), polyethylene‐ block ‐poly(ethylene glycol), dodecenyl succinic anhydride, and alkyl ketene dimer (AKD), were investigated to design the hydrophobicity of lignin with the objective of improving the adhesion and compatibility in polymer blends composed of polar lignin particles and, for example, nonpolar polypropylene (PP). AKD, among all of the investigated approaches, proved to be the simplest and most effective for significantly increasing the contact angle of lignin while preserving the original micrometer size of wet‐milled, spray‐dried lignin particles. This treatment led to a noticeable improvement in the stiffness of lignin–PP composite blends, with an increase of approximately 15% in Young's modulus. The compatibility of the AKD‐treated lignin with PP was assessed through tensile strength measurements and blend morphology observation, whereas the mechanism of AKD interaction with lignin was investigated with contact angle measurement, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and 1 H‐NMR spectroscopy measurements. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134 , 45103.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it