The impact of relative age on organized sport, unorganized physical activity, and non-participant behaviour: Findings from a prospective cohort study of pre-adolescents
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Relative Age Effect (RAE), whereby individuals born closer to a registration cut-off date are over-represented in certain contexts, has been documented in various organized sport and educational settings (Cobley et al., 2009). If youth are disadvantaged in these activities as a result of the RAE, the psychological impact could extend to other areas of their lives (e.g., proclivity to engage in a physically active lifestyle). The purpose of this study was to explore the pattern of participation among organized sport participants, unorganized physical activity participants, and non-participants with respect to relative age using self-report data from the first twelve cycles of the Monitoring Activities of Teenagers to Comprehend their Habits (MATCH) project. A detailed description of the study is available in Belanger et al. (2013). Generalized linear mixed models with binary logistic regression were conducted to compare the likelihood of reporting participation in organized sport (team and individual), unorganized physical activity, and non-participant behaviour across birth quartiles. In comparison to those born in the last two quartiles, those born in the first two quartiles of the year were more likely to report participation in organized sports and team sports (p < .01). There was no apparent RAE with regards to participation in individual sports or unorganized physical activity. Non-participants were significantly less likely to be born in the second quartile. The results indicate a RAE is present for team sport participation and non-participant behaviour in this cohort. Continued investigation of the factors contributing to these trends and their stability over time is warranted.Acknowledgments: The data used in this analysis were drawn from the Monitoring Activities of Teenagers to Comprehend their Habits (MATCH) project, which was funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council and Sport Canada through the joint Sport Participation Research Initiative and by the New Brunswick Health Research Foundation. Support was also received through a Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council Doctoral Fellowship (K. Smith).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".