Volumetric Strain in Non-Plastic Silty Sand Subject to Multidirectional Cyclic Loading
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Structures founded on dense, compacted sands are currently designed based on the shear stress–shear strain (γcs)–volumetric strain (εv) response of clean sands primarily obtained from unidirectional element tests. This may lead to underestimation of εv under multidirectional seismic loads and incorrect settlement estimation for sands with fines. This paper presents results from first of a kind strain-controlled unidirectional (sinusoidal) and bidirectional (circular, figure-8) cyclic simple shear tests. Clean Ottawa sand and a non-plastic Mississippi River silty sand were tested at modified Proctor relative compactions (RC) of 92 to 99%. At the same RC, presence of non-plastic fines decreased εv. Volumetric strain under bidirectional loading normalized by εv under equivalent unidirectional loading (comparable γcs, RC, overburden pressure) was found to be a function of the number of loading cycles, load path and γcs. A figure-8 loading path yielded higher settlement than an equivalent circular loading path.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".