Effect of White and Black Colors on Heat Generation in Polyethylene Geomembranes Exposed to Solar Radiation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Carbon black is often added to polyethylene geomembranes to improve their ultraviolet resistance. The black color, on the other hand, absorbs most of the solar energy reaching the surface of the geomembrane. The resulting temperature rise induced in the geomembrane is the source of numerous problems in the field. A fine white layer may be added on the exposed surface of the geomembrane to reflect the solar radiation and reduce the geomembrane temperature. This study is aimed at quantifying the difference in heat generation under solar irradiation associated to the presence of this white surface layer. Black and white-surfaced geomembrane specimens were exposed to various laboratory-controlled solar irradiances, using a Xenon-arc chamber modified for the purpose of this project. Temperature was found to be significantly lower in the white-surfaced geomembranes, compared to the black ones, with differences in the range of 10 to 20°C depending on the laboratory controlled solar irradiance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".