Polyploidy, infraspecific cytotype variation, and speciation in Goldenrods: The cytogeography of <i>Solidago</i> subsect. <i>Humiles</i> (Asteraceae) in North America
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Polyploidy is an important evolutionary mechanism in plants, and in some genera (e.g., Solidago in Asteraceae) it is particularly widespread and is hypothesized to have played a major role in diversification. Goldenrods are notorious for their ploidy variation, with roughly 14% and 32% of recognized North American species being polyploid or including multiple cytotypes, respectively. We used traditional chromosome counts and flow cytometry to examine cytogeographic patterns, biogeographic and evolutionary hypotheses, and species boundaries in S. subsect. Humiles . Chromosome numbers and DNA ploidy determinations are reported for 337 individuals, including 148 new reports. Cytotypes show significant geographic structuring. Solidago simplex and S. spathulata were uniformly diploid ( 2n = 18) in western North America, while cytogeographic patterns in eastern North America were regionally complex and included 2n , 4n , and 6n cytotypes. Cytotypes within S. simplex were ecogeographically segregated and mixed‐ploidy populations were rare. Data from this study and additional biosystematic data indicate that cytotypes in S. simplex fulfill the requirements of multiple species concepts and should best be treated as distinct species. Polyploid cytotypes possibly formed recurrently, however, and evolution and species boundaries within poly ploid S. simplex will require additional study. Results from this study and accumulated data from other studies suggest that biological species diversity in Solidago is considerably higher than currently recognized taxonomically.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it