Convection from a line-source into a two-layer stratified ambient fluid
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We experimentally investigate the behaviour of a line-source plume falling through a finite two-layer stratified ambient where the depth of the upper ambient layer increases in time. Laboratory observations suggest one of two possible flow regimes depending on the value of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$ , which represents the relative loss of buoyancy experienced by the plume upon crossing the ambient interface. When $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}>1$ , a classical filling-box-type flow is realized and plume fluid always reaches the bottom boundary. By contrast, when $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}<1$ , we observe a transition by which an increasing fraction of plume fluid discharges along the interface. The approximate start time, $t_{v}$ , and end time, $t_{t}$ , of the transition process are well determined by $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$ . After transition, the ambient density evolves to form a three-layer fluid with an intermediate layer that grows in time. Measured densities of the intermediate layer in experiments with $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}<1$ are well predicted using plume theory. We further characterize the horizontal speed of the intrusion that forms along the ambient interface, the mass of solute present in the intermediate layer at time $t_{t}$ and the rate of descent of the intrusion level for $t>t_{t}$ . The significance of our findings is discussed in the context of the ventilation of natural and hybrid ventilated buildings and of effluent discharge through marine outfall diffusers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".