The marine carbon cycle of the Arctic Ocean: Some thoughts about the controls on air-sea CO2 exchanges and responses to ocean acidification
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction The Arctic Ocean and the shallow continental margins that surround it (Fig. 1) play an important and likely increasing role in the global freshwater cycle, Atlantic overturning circulation, and biogeochemical cycling of carbon, nutrients, and gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane. The region is particularly sensitive to atmosphere-ocean-sea-ice forcing and feedbacks and ecosystem changes associated with warming temperatures and sea-ice loss. Numerous studies over the last decade have shown that warming and increased sea-ice loss is occurring in the Arctic and the IPCC Fourth Assessment reported that average Arctic temperatures have increased over the last century at nearly twice the global average and since 1978, sea-ice extent decreased on average by 2.7% per decade. However, over the last several years, the pace of decline has accelerated beyond model predictions and in summer 2007, sea-ice extent declined by 20-25% with an additional loss of ~1.5 million km2. Much of this loss occurred over the deep Makarov and Canada Basins of the Arctic Ocean (Fig. 1). Although ice extent rebounded in 2008 and 2009, the duration of ice-free conditions in the Arctic continues to increase.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".