Bibliographic record
Abstract
Historically the family has been an important source of support and solidarity. However in the current Spanish economic context the crisis has strengthened the mechanisms of family solidarity. In particular the households headed by people 65 years and over are reducing the impact of the crisis. But older people are also receiving help. Demographic aging involves profound social changes that affect the structure and composition of families. The reduction in average household size, the increase in single person households and weakening family and personal networks, affect the welfare and quality of life of the older people. In Spain the family continues to be the main source of support and help in old age due to limited development of the welfare state. The aim of this paper is to reflect on the effect that changes in demographic processes and family dynamics will have on support that older people receive from their families in Spain and Europe. Knowledge of family and residential context of people over 65 years becomes essential when addressing efficient policies for integration from the perspective of age. The considerable increase of older people in developed countries, combined with changes in family-related behaviour and weakening family networks, have caused concerns about older people’s family support in future.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".