106 Determination of net energy content of hemp hulls and processed hemp hull products fed to growing pigs using indirect calorimetry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The production of hemp hulls (HH), a by-product of shelled hempseed, has gradually increased because of increased human consumption of shelled hempseed. Due to its high protein and oil contents, HH has potential as a protein and energy source for swine diets. However, the nutritive value of HH for swine has yet to be evaluated. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the NE contents of HH, extruded HH (EHH), and a blended product of HH with pea (HHP) fed to growing pigs using indirect calorimetry (IC). Twenty-four growing male pigs [(Yorkshire ×Landrace) × Duroc] with an average initial BW of 22.9 ± 1.75 kg were individually housed in adjustable metabolism crates. Pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments to give 6 replicates per treatment. A corn-soybean meal (SBM) basal diet was prepared, and three additional diets were formulated to contain a 70:30 ratio of the basal diet and each of test ingredients (HH, EHH, and HHP). Pigs were fed experimental diets for 16 d including 10 d for adaptation and 6 d for total collection of feces and urine to determine DE and ME contents. Pigs were then moved into indirect calorimetry chambers to determine heat production (HP) and fasting heat production (FHP) based on O2 consumption, CO2 production, and urinary N excretion. The DE, ME, and NE contents of the basal diet were greater (P < 0.01) than the HH, EHH, and HHP diets. No significant differences were observed for the HP (on average 1904 kcal/kg DM) and FHP (on average 1320 kcal/kg DM) among treatments. However, the retained energy of pigs fed the basal diet (1763 kcal/kg DM) was greater (P < 0.05) than those fed the HH (1501 kcal/kg DM) and HHP (1482 kcal/kg DM) diets. The NE:ME ratio tended to be greater for the basal diet (0.85) than for the HH (0.82), EHH (0.82), and HHP (0.83) diets. The NE contents of HH, EHH, and HHP were determined to be 2341, 2315, and 2407 kcal/kg DM, respectively. In conclusion, the HH, EHH, and HHP contain relatively high levels of NE contents due to their high oil content and therefore can be a potential alternative energy source for swine.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".