"I Shall Never Forget": The Civil War in American Historical Memory, 1863-1915
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This essay examines the development of the social memory of the American Civil War in the first fifty years after the end of the war.During these decades, three major narratives emerged: a reconciliationist vision that emphasized the common heritage of the North and South and the valour of all soldiers; a white supremacist vision of white racial victory that championed terror and violence and eventually became a component of the reconciliationist vision; and the emancipationist vision, borne of African American remembrance and which conceived of the war as a rebirth of the Republic and the liberation of blacks to citizenship and equality.Moving chronologically through fifty years, I analyze the role of reconciliationist and emancipationist intellectuals, politicians, and organizations as they contested and shaped the enduring memory of the Civil War.2015 marked the 150 th anniversary of the end of the American Civil War.However, as historian David W. Blight wrote in The Atlantic, even a century and a half after General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox, "the questions at the heart of the war . . .still occupy the nation, which has never truly gotten over that conflict." 1 The potency of the Civil War and its legacies became particularly evident in the summer of 2015, when white supremacist Dylann Roof killed nine people at Charleston, South Carolina's historic Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church.In the aftermath of the tragedy, renewed calls to remove the Confederate battle flag from the state's Capitol were met with resistance and defiance from those who claimed that the Civil War-era symbol represented "heritage not hate" and was an emblem of "a 2 Ta-Nehisi Coates, "Take Down the Confederate Flag -Now," The Atlantic, 18 June 2015.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.013 | 0.018 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".