145 Immune system stimulation increases nursery pig maintenance energy requirements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Immune system activation can partition energy and nutrients away from growth, but clear relationships between immune responses and the direction and magnitude of energy partitioning responses have yet to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to determine how lipopolysaccharide (LPS) immune stimulation and b-mannanase supplementation affect nursery pig maintenance energy requirements (MEm) through changes in immune parameters, digestibility, growth performance, nitrogen, and energy balance. In a randomized complete block design, 30 pigs (10.27 ± 0.15 kg) were assigned to either the control treatment (CON; basal corn, soybean meal, and soybean hulls diet), the enzyme treatment (ENZ; basal diet + 0.056% b-mannanase), or the immune system stimulation treatment (ISS; basal diet + 0.056% b-mannanase, challenged with repeated increasing doses of Escherichia coli LPS). The experiment consisted of a 10 d adaptation, 5 d digestibility and nitrogen balance measurement, 22 h of heat production (HP) measurements following the final injection, and 12 h of fasting HP measurements in indirect calorimetry chambers. The immune challenge consisted of either LPS (ISS) or sterile saline (CON and ENZ) injections every 48 h, for a total of 4 injections on d 10, 12, 14, and 16. Blood was collected pre- and post-injection for complete blood counts with differential analysis, haptoglobin and mannan-binding lectin, 12 cytokines, and glucose and insulin concentrations. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS (9.4) with blood immune parameters and rectal temperature data analyzed as repeated measures. The ENZ treatment did not differ from CON in growth performance, digestibility, immune parameters, or HP variables (P 3 0.10). The ISS treatment induced fever, elevated proinflammatory cytokines (TNFa, IL-6, IL-1b), and decreased leukocyte concentrations (P < 0.05). The ISS treatment did not impact nitrogen balance or nutrient digestibility (P > 0.10), but increased total HP (CON = 278.8 vs. ISS = 333.0 kcal∙kg BW-0.60∙kg DMI−1∙d−1; P = 0.04) and estimated MEm by 23.6% (P = 0.045). This resulted in decreased lipid deposition (CON = 76.2 vs. ISS = 55.5 g/d; P = 0.047) and ADG (CON = 447.1 vs. ISS = 330.7 g/d; P = 0.01). Immune stimulation increased energy partitioning to the immune system by 23% which limited energy available for lipid deposition and weight gain. Understanding energy and nutrient partitioning in immune stressed pigs may facilitate the development of more effective feeding strategies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".