Optimisation d'analyses de grenat almandin realisees au microscope electronique a balayage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
RESUME : La microsonde de Castaing est couramment consideree comme l’instrument d’analyse de reference pour l’obtention de donnees precises et representatives de la composition chimique de mineraux retrouves a l’interieur de roches. Ce memoire presente un protocole analytique utilisant le microscope electronique a balayage (MEB) equipe d’un detecteur EDS Si(Li) (JEOL JSM-840A) pour l’imagerie, l’analyse chimique quantitative et la realisation de cartes rayons X de compositions sur des grenat almandin retrouves a l’interieur de schistes pelitiques provenant de la Cordillere Canadienne. Les resultats sont ensuite compares a ceux obtenus sur les memes echantillons a l’aide de la microsonde equipee de cinq detecteurs WDS (JEOL JXA-8900). En imagerie, les signaux en electrons secondaires et retrodiffuses ont ete utilises afin d’obtenir des images presentant respectivement, des contrastes topographiques et chimiques des echantillons. Le MEB permet l’obtention d’images a une resolution superieure a celle de la microsonde a fortes valeurs de grossissement. Cependant, cette derniere est generalement comparable au MEB lors de l’acquisition d’images pour des grains de taille millimetrique necessitant l’usage de faibles grossissements. L’optimisation des images pour ces deux signaux revele que l’optimum n’est pas limite a une combinaison unique de valeurs de parametres operationnels et que differentes combinaisons peuvent offrir un contraste tout aussi optimal. L’optimisation des parametres operationnels pour la realisation d’analyses chimiques quantitatives a permis l’obtention de resultats avec une precision similaire et montrant une bonne concordance avec ceux obtenus a la microsonde. L’optimisation des parametres operationnels pour l’obtention de cartes rayons X a ete effectuee dans le but de maximiser l’intensite recuperee par pixel tout en tentant de faire respecter le critere de resolution spatiale afin d’obtenir des cartes de composition qualitative qui soit representative de la variation de composition observee a l’interieur du grain. Malgre le non-respect du critere de resolution spatiale par une densite de pixels inadequate, ainsi que les corrections necessaires pour retirer l’effet d’ombrage et le bruit de fond, les cartes de compositions obtenues au MEB presentent un contraste d’intensite similaire a celui observe sur les cartes realisees a la microsonde, et ce meme pour des concentrations aussi faibles que 0,5%. L’utilisation d’un microscope electronique a balayage equipe d’un detecteur EDS Si(Li) jumele a un protocole d’analyse rigoureux permet donc l’obtention de resultats quantitatifs et qualitatifs similaires a ceux obtenus a la microsonde pour les trois domaines d’applications consideres. et ----------ABSTRACT : The electron microprobe (EMP) is considered as the golden standard for the collection of precise and representative chemical composition of minerals in rocks, but data of similar quality should be obtainable with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). This thesis presents an analytical protocol aimed at optimizing operational parameters of an SEM paired with an EDS Si(Li) X-ray detector (JEOL JSM-840A) for the imaging, quantitative chemical analysis and compositional X-ray maps of almandine garnet found in pelitic schists from the Canadian Cordillera. Results are then compared to those obtained for the same samples on a JEOL JXA 8900 EMP. For imaging purposes, the secondary electrons and backscattered electrons signals have been used to obtain topographic and chemical contrast of the samples, respectively. The SEM allows the acquisition of images with higher resolution than the EMP when working at high magnifications. However, for millimetric size minerals requiring very low magnifications, the EMP can usually match the imaging capabilities of an SEM. When optimizing images for both signals, the optimal operational parameters to show similar contrasts are not restricted to a unique combination of values. Optimization of operational parameters for quantitative chemical analysis resulted in analytical data with a similar precision and showing good correlation to that obtained with an EMP. Optimization of operational parameters for compositional X-ray maps aimed at maximizing the collected intensity within a pixel as well as complying with the spatial resolution criterion in order to obtain a qualitative compositional map representative of the chemical variation within the grain. Even though various corrections were needed, such as the shadow effect and the background noise removal, as well as the impossibility to meet the spatial resolution criterion because of the limited pixel density available on the SEM, the compositional X-ray maps show a good correlation with those obtained with the EMP, even for concentrations as low as 0,5%. When paired with a rigorous analytical protocol, the use of an SEM equipped with an EDS Si (Li) X-ray detector allows the collection of qualitative and quantitative results similar to those obtained with an EMP for all three of the applications considered.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".