160. Comparison of Frontal Cortical Volumes With Physical Fitness in Chronic Schizophrenia Patients Following Aerobic and Resistance Training Programs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Smaller orbitofrontal and superior frontal cortical volumes have been associated with impaired executive function in patients with schizophrenia. In contrast, exercise interventions have been shown to reduce symptom severity and are thought to increase production of neurotrophic factors, induce neurogenesis, and alter gene expression to promote neuroplasticity in schizophrenia. We examined the efficacy of aerobic and resistance exercise to increase orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and superior frontal cortex (SFC) volumes and executive functioning in chronic refractory schizophrenia patients. Methods: Chronic schizophrenia patients (N = 16) were recruited from the Psychosis Program at UBC Hospital. Participants completed a 12-week exercise program (8 aerobic and 8 resistance) consisting of three 30-minute moderate intensity exercise sessions per week. Structural brain images at 3T were obtained. Volumetric segmentation of the cortical regions of interest was performed with Freesurfer 5.3 software. Baseline and 12-week follow-up assessments were used to calculate change scores for physical, cognitive and structural variables. Demographic data and dependent measures of interest were assessed longitudinally in both exercise groups. Change in SFC and OFC volumes, and change in VO2max between groups were analyzed with ANCOVA with age, gender, and antipsychotic dose entered as covariates. Results: OFC volume increased significantly in the aerobic group compared with the resistance group (F(14, 1) = 6.121, P = .033). SFC volume had a greater increase in the aerobic compared to the resistance group (F(14, 1) = 28.49, P < .001). There was a strong trend for VO2max increase the aerobic group (F(18, 1) = 4.336, P = .058). Following the exercise program, VO2max was positively correlated with OFC volume (r = .978, P < .001) and SFC volume (r = .884, P = .010) in the aerobic group only. Conclusion: Aerobic exercise, but not resistance training, leads to expansion of frontal cortical volumes in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Following our training program, physical fitness, as measured by VO2max, was positively associated with frontal cortical volumes. These findings support the efficacy of aerobic exercise programs as an adjunct therapy for frontal cortical remediation in schizophrenia. This study was supported by grants from CIHR, The Mind Foundation of British Columbia, and Provincial Health Services Authority.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".