Biochemistry of Human Bitter Taste Receptors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Humans, and probably other mammals, can taste many compounds but distinguish between five basic tastes which are sweet, bitter, sour, salt and umami. In humans, bitter taste is perceived by 25 members of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily, referred to as T2Rs. This chapter describes the canonical T2R signal transduction pathway. The sensitivity of humans to the perception of some bitter compounds varies greatly. This variable bitter taste perception is the best-known example of genetic variation in oral sensation. With the deorphanization of T2Rs, studies of the mechanisms of their interaction with bitter agonists have started revealing how these receptors are able to sense such a vast array of bitter compounds. Knowledge of their ligand bound structure would further help in the identification or design of taste modulators like bitter blockers. T2R blockers could have widespread utility in antioxidant and/or nutrient-fortified food and beverages, and in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".