Free-Field Cyclic Response of Dense Sands in Dynamic Centrifuge Tests with 1D and 2D Shaking
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The seismic performance of many nuclear power plant (NPP) structures depends on the cyclic shear stress-shear strain-volumetric strain behavior of dense, compacted coarse-grained soils used to support their foundations. However, when these deposits are thick, even relatively small volumetric strains can result in nontrivial settlements that can impact NPP structures. Here, we describe the results from dynamic centrifuge tests performed on thick layers (prototype thicknesses of 10.25 and 20.5 m) of saturated dense (relative density, Dr~95%), Ottawa sand. Models were excited using unidirectional (1D) and bidirectional (2D) broadband motions (Arias intensities ranged from 0.1 to 5 m/s). Centrifuge test results indicate minor differences between 1D and 2D response spectra. In contrast, 2D shaking in dense sands caused increases in porewater pressure (PWP) generation and volumetric strains (εv) of approximately 200% compared to 1D shaking. These increases in PWP and εv were considerably larger than observed by others for loose sands.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".