Men, Women, and Wine: A Gender-Based Analysis of Lucanian Necropoleis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper we provide a fresh perspective on how societies of ancient Lucania were structured, focusing especially on the role of high-ranking women. In particular, we explore the social implications of ritual banquet and sympotic practices that the Italic populations borrowed from the Greeks living in the coastal poleis, as demonstrated by the deposition of sympotic items in high-ranking burials as means of self-representation. Current literature on the Lucanian world asserts a clear-cut division of roles between male and female, men being the protagonists of social and political life, and women being confined within domestic boundaries. Our research addresses whether and to what extent this simplistic dichotomy is valid. Examining a group of sample tombs from a few cemetery sites reveals a far more nuanced and intricate picture. High-ranking female burials display grave goods that imply the practice of sacrifice-banquet, which also involved wine consumption. What does the presence of these objects in female tombs mean? Do they testify to women’s participation in convivial practices that, in the Greek world, were considered exclusively male? If so, what are the social implications? To address these questions, we look at the recurrence of sympotic objects and banquet tools in female burials; at the association of grave goods of different types within the same tomb; and finally, at the socio-economic role of the deceased.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".