Hospitalization is associated with subsequent disability in multiple sclerosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Although an increasing amount of research has evaluated interactions between MS and comorbid chronic disease, few data exist regarding the interactions between MS and acute illness. As compared to age and sex-matched persons without MS, persons with MS experience higher rates of hospitalization and critical illness, and higher mortality rates and health care utilization following critical illness. We aimed to determine whether acute illness requiring hospitalization is associated with progression of multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS: We conducted this population-based, retrospective cohort study by linking data from the regional MS Clinic in Calgary, Canada with the Canadian Discharge Abstract Database to identify non-obstetric hospitalizations. We included individuals with a confirmed diagnosis of MS, at least one recorded Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) measurement, and known age of symptom onset of age 10 years or older. Using data from 2009 to 2014, we used generalized linear models with generalized estimating equations to establish the association within individuals between hospitalization and the time course of MS-related disability (as measured by the EDSS), adjusting for sex, age, disease course at onset, and use of disease-modifying therapies. RESULTS: We included 2104 individuals with MS in the analysis, who had a median of 4 EDSS measurements each. Of these 491 (23.3%) had at least one hospitalization. Most subjects were female, with a relapsing disease course at onset, and a mean (SD) age at symptom onset of 33.0 (10.0) years. The underlying rate of disability progression averaged 0.9 EDSS points per decade. Following hospitalization, there was a step increase in EDSS, averaging 0.23 points, equivalent to 2.5 years of time-related disease progression. Hospitalization did not alter the subsequent temporal rate of disability progression. The findings did not differ in those hospitalized for MS versus other reasons. CONCLUSIONS: Acute illness requiring hospitalization is associated with a worsening of MS-related disability.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".