Laboratory Measurement of the Linear Thermal Expansion of Geomembranes Using a Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Thermal expansion is a critical property of geomembranes as it can affect the formation of wrinkles during their installation as well as for exposed applications. When an excessive number of wrinkles has developed because of an excessive dilatation of the geomembrane, these wrinkles may become interconnected, which increases the risk and extent of leakage. This paper introduces the test procedure that should be followed to permit the evaluation of thermal expansion characteristics of geomembranes using a dynamic mechanical analyzer. It is shown that the test should be conducted with low applied stress and very low heating rate. In addition, the effect of the specimen width and length is analyzed. Finally, differences in behavior between machine and cross direction are characterized. Overall, it is concluded that this technique provides an effective tool for measuring the linear thermal expansion of geomembranes under conditions simulating their use in the field.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".