WAL-MART AS A LEADING RETAILER IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Wal-Mart effect has a dramatic impact on upstream manufacturers in a supply chain. This study applies a game-theoretic approach to analyze the effects of the leading retailer in a supply chain. We propose three models relating to the interactions between upstream duopolistic manufacturers and a downstream retailer: The first model represents that both manufacturers react simultaneously and independently to the retailer‟s price decision. The second model describes both manufacturers reacting to the retailer‟s decision in a leader-follower price competitive condition. The third model is a traditional upstream-dominating situation, which will be employed to contrast with the first two downstream-dominating models. By changing the degree of substitutability of the two products made by these two manufacturers, there are some findings: (i) As a downstream leader in the supply chain, the retailer profit is more than the sum of the two duopolistic manufacturers. (ii) If the duopolistic manufacturers also play the leader-follower game, the leader manufacturer‟s profit is greater than the follower manufacturer‟s profit. (iii) When comparing to the manufacturer-dominating model, the retailer-dominating models have the lower retail price and an increase in sale quantities. (iv) Compared to the manufacturer-dominating model, the retailer-dominating models‟ producer surplus, consumer surplus, and social welfare are improved.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it