History of the balsam woolly adelgid, Adelges piceae (Ratzeburg), in British Columbia with notes on a recent range expansion
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The balsam woolly adelgid, Adelges piceae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) was introduced from Europe into eastern North America around 1900 and independently into western North America sometime before 1928. It was first detected causing damage in North Vancouver, British Columbia in 1958. Since that time it has slowly spread to adjacent areas of southwestern BC. Surveys from 2011 to 2013 confirmed the presence of A. piceae in the Cascades Forest District and in the town of Rossland, BC, which are outside the pre-2014 quarantine area. Until these recent detections, provincial quarantineregulations have been the principle tool employed to prevent anthropogenic spread of the adelgid through the restriction of movement of potentially infested seedlings and nursery stock from infested coastal regions of British Columbia into the highly susceptible high elevation Abies lasiocarpa stands in the interior forests. We provide a historical overview of the quarantine regulations enacted since 1966; review the distribution of Adelges piceae since the first confirmed records of establishment as documented by historical survey records; and document the extent of recent survey efforts and new detections in interior subalpine fir forests.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".