Incubation and embryonic development affect the color of eggs of Mountain Bluebirds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Technological and theoretical advances over the past two decades have allowed researchers to quantify eggshell color in ways that were not previously possible. However, differences among studies in the timing of color measurements during laying or incubation and inclusion of data from inviable eggs may affect the results of these studies as well as conclusions based on comparisons among studies. To determine the effect of the timing of color measurements, we compared the color of the eggs of Mountain Bluebirds (Sialia currucoides) during both laying/early incubation and late incubation. We also assessed the influence of egg viability on eggshell color by comparing viable and inviable eggs from the same clutch. We found that all color metrics investigated (blue-green and UV chroma, brightness, and hue) were significantly different between early and late incubation, and viable and inviable eggs. However, color metrics of eggs measured during early and late incubation and of viable and inviable eggs in the same clutch were correlated. Our results suggest that the timing of color measurements and the viability of eggs have important effects on eggshell color and, therefore, in future studies, investigators should always provide information about the timing of measurements and the viability of eggs measured. Our results also suggest that comparisons among studies where eggshell color was measured at different times and/or the viability of eggs was not determined or reported are possible, given that the color metrics of viable and inviable eggs and of eggs measured at different times in our study were correlated, but those comparisons should be interpreted with caution. La incubación y el desarrollo embrionario afecta el color de los huevos en Sialia currucoides Durante las últimas dos décadas, los avances tecnológicos y teóricos, han permitido a los investigadores el cuantificar el color del cascarón de huevos de una forma que previamente no podía hacerse. Sin embargo, si se tratan de comparar estudios, hay que señalar que el momento de tomar datos sobre la coloración (ej. durante el periodo de puesta o incubación) y el hacerse sobre huevos fértiles o estériles, puede afectar los resultados al igual que las conclusiones. Para determinar el efecto del periodo en que se toman las medidas de color comparamos el color de los huevos de Sialia currucoides durante la puesta, incubación temprana e incubación tardía. También evaluamos el efecto sobre el color, de la viabilidad del huevo, comparando huevos viables con huevos inviables o estériles de la misma camada. Encontramos que la métrica de colores (verde azulado, brillantes cromática, y matiz), es, significativamente, diferente durante la incubación temprana o la tardía y de igual manera entre huevos viables e inviables. Sin embargo, se correlacionaron la métrica de color de huevos medidos durante, la incubación temprana y la tardía, en una misma camada. Nuestros resultados sugieren que el periodo de tiempo, en donde se toman datos sobre los colores de los huevos y la viabilidad de estos, tiene un efecto importante en la coloración del cascarón. Por lo tanto, en estudios futuros, los investigadores deben proveer información sobre el periodo en que tomaron las medidas y la viabilidad de los huevos. Nuestros resultados también sugieren que la comparación entre estudios en donde la coloración de los huevos fue tomada en periodos diferentes y en donde no se determina o informa sobre la viabilidad de estos, deben interpretarse con mucho cuidado debido a que la métrica de color, en huevos viables e inviables y datos tomados durante diferentes momentos del periodo de incubación, puede variar.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".