On the Use of Theory of Rings on Non-Linear Elastic Foundation to Study the Effect of Bolt Spacing in Bolted Flange Joints
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bolted flange joints are extensively used to connect pressure vessels and piping equipment together. They are simple structures that offer the possibility of disassembly. However, they often experience leakage problems due to a loss of tightness as a result of a non-uniform distribution of gasket contact stresses in the radial and circumferential direction. Many factors contribute to such a failure; the flange and gasket stiffness and bolt spacing design combination being one of them. In our recent paper the effects of bolt spacing was investigated based on the theory of circular beams resting on a linear elastic foundation [1]. This paper is an extension of the work in which an analytical solution based on the true gasket non-linear behavior is developed. The study focuses on the distribution of the gasket contact stress of two large diameter flanges namely a 52 and a 120 in heat exchanger flanges. The non-linear gasket behavior solution is compared to the FEA and the linear gasket behavior solution for evaluation and validation.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it