Bibliographic record
Abstract
After the Prophet Muhammad died in 632 CE, the early Shiʿis claimed that ‘Ali, the Prophet’s cousin and son-in law, was his only legitimate successor. They also insisted that only the Prophet’s family members, the ahl al-bayt, were qualified to lead the Muslim community after him. When ‘Ali became the fourth Caliph of the Muslim community in 656 CE, Shiʿism emerged as a recognized religious movement in Islam. What sets Shiʿism apart from the majority Sunnis is the notion of the divinely inspired and charismatic leadership of the imams. This article focuses on Shiʿism in America by describing the four major Shiʿi groups: the Twelver Shiʿis, the Nizari Ismaʿilis, the Bohra Ismaʿilis, and the Zaydis. It examines the ethnic factor in American Shiʿism, nationalism and American Shiʿism, women and American Shiʿism, religious leadership in the Shiʿi community, and outreach programs by Shiʿi centers. It also looks at the Universal Muslim Association of America, the conversion of African Americans to Shiʿism, the impact of 9/11 on the American Shiʿi community, and political awareness among American Muslims.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".