Impact of ground proximity on the aerodynamic properties of an unsteady airfoil
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aerodynamic properties of a NACA 0012 airfoil, both stationary and unsteady, in ground effect (for nondimensional ground clearance h/ c ≤ 60%) were investigated experimentally at Re = 98,000. For the stationary airfoil, the ground proximity led to a reduced (or enhanced) lift and an increased nose-up (or nose-down) pitching moment for α < 6° (or α > 6°). The drag was, however, always increased in ground effect. For the oscillating airfoil, a substantial change in the aerodynamic loadings, especially during downstroke, was observed for h/ c ≤ 30%, leading to a greatly reduced C l -hysteresis compared to the baseline airfoil. As the case of the stationary airfoil, the lift increase was mainly caused by the RAM pressure effect, but to a greater extent. The dynamic-stall vortex was also weakened and broke down earlier with reducing h/ c, rendering an enlarged separated flow compared to the baseline airfoil. The results are of importance in understanding the ground effect on an unsteady airfoil.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".