The Reconstruction of Downtown Beirut in the Context of Political Geography
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Downtown Beirut was partly destroyed in the Lebanese civil war from 1975 to 1990. The “green line,” the demarcation line between Christian East and Muslim West Beirut, runs right through downtown. After the end of the war about 80% of the buildings in the downtown area were quickly demolished to make room for a new (post-)modern reconstruction. Naturally, this creation of a tabula rasa in the city centre of Beirut was strongly criticized by the former tenants and owners, as well as by architects, city planners, and academics. Several interest groups were formed and tried to influence the further planning of Beirut's downtown. Finally, however, the main initiator and driving force behind the process of reconstruction, the Lebanese businessman and later prime minister, Rafiq al-Hariri, was able to gain acceptance and to establish a monopoly over decisions. The following article investigates from a political-geographical point of view the role of the different participants in the conflict surrounding Beirut'...
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".