EFFECT OF GENDER ON PERCEPTIONS OF THE ETHICAL APPROPRIATENESS OF NEGOTIATING TACTICS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study examines the influence of gender on ethical judgments regarding the appropriateness of various negotiating tactics through an empirical study of business students. Two convenience samples of Canadian and Tunisian business students were asked to rate the appropriateness of eighteen negotiating tactics representing five categories of these tactics: misrepresentation of information, inappropriate information gathering, traditional competitive bargaining, manipulation of opponent's network, and bluffing. The findings reveal that in both Canadian and Tunisian samples, female respondents were generally more intolerant than males with regard to the ethical 'appropriateness' of questionable negotiating tactics. Within the Canadian sample, there were differences between men and women in four categories and twelve individual tactics. Within the Tunisian sample, there were differences in only three categories and six individual tactics. Keywords Negotiating Tactics; Ethical Judgment; Gender; Business Students; Canada; Tunisia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".