Membrane behavior of compacted sand–bentonite mixture
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Semi-permeable membrane behavior contributes to the containment function of engineered barriers used for waste containment by restricting the migration of dissolved chemical species (solutes) such as aqueous-phase contaminants. The existence of membrane behavior has been demonstrated extensively for virtually all categories of bentonite-based containment barriers except compacted sand–bentonite mixtures. Accordingly, membrane tests were conducted on two specimens of a compacted sand–bentonite mixture comprising 15% bentonite (dry weight) with sufficiently low hydraulic conductivity (i.e., ≤1.0 × 10 −9 m/s) to be suitable for use as a waste containment barrier. Despite the imposition of relatively complex chemical conditions, including the use of tap water versus de-ionized water as a circulating liquid and incomplete flushing (leaching) of soluble salts from the specimens prior to membrane testing, the results were in good agreement with those previously reported for other bentonite-based engineered barriers when exposed to similar or the same types of salts and salt concentrations. Also, both compacted soil–bentonite specimens exhibited similar magnitudes of membrane behavior, with measured membrane efficiencies ranging from 0.395 ± 0.053 to 0.063 ± 0.012 when exposed to source KCl solutions with concentrations ranging from 5 to 80 mmol/L, respectively. Thus, compacted sand–bentonite mixtures suitable for use as engineered containment barriers can exhibit semi-permeable membrane behavior, thereby potentially enhancing the containment function of the barriers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".