Hydraulic properties of the Paskapoo Formation in west-central Alberta
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In an effort to better understand the hydraulic properties of the Paskapoo Formation, hydraulic conductivity and porosity were evaluated for a region in west-central Alberta. Whereas previous studies have focused mainly on sandstone units in the lower portion of the Paskapoo Formation, in southern and central parts of the province, this study focuses on the middle to upper portions. Hydraulic conductivity values were determined by air permeametry for seven drill cores from the area between Hinton and Fox Creek, Alberta. Thin-section petrology and porosity analyses using photomicrographs were also conducted for three of the seven drill cores. Results confirm previous findings that the Paskapoo Formation has heterogeneous hydraulic properties, with horizontal hydraulic conductivity values ranging from 10−10 to 10−5 m/s (determined by air permeametry) and porosity values ranging from 0.02% to 15.3%. The first measurements for the upper sandstone units are provided (1.1 × 10−9 – 2.6 × 10−5 m/s and 0.08%–15.3%) and numerous measurements of the middle siltstone–mudstone unit (1.1 × 10−10 – 4.9 × 10−8 m/s and 0.02%–1.8%) for the northwestern portion of the Paskapoo Formation. Qualitative petrologic analysis suggests that the degree of cementation, rather than grain size, is the dominant control on the hydraulic properties of this portion of the formation. This study determined primary hydraulic properties for both the highly conductive units often considered as aquifers and the low-conductivity units considered as aquitards or confining layers. When combined with previous findings, this study helps expand the understanding of the Paskapoo Formation and provides critical data for assessing groundwater resources.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".