Environmental Stress Cracking of High Density Polyethylene Pipes in Alkali Surfactant Polymer Enhanced Oil Recovery Floods
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract With the increasing use of high density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes in enhanced oil recovery process, environmental stress cracking (ESC) poses a threat to the integrity of pipes in alkali surfactant polymer (ASP) flooding. In this work, the ESC susceptibility of three types of HDPE material was investigated by ASP soaking, tensile testing, pre-notched specimen stressing tests and surface characterization. The results demonstrate that the susceptibility of HDPE to ESC depends on the ASP concentration, stress and the type of materials. The ASP solution soaking decreases the elongation of the material, especially at an elevated temperature. Furthermore, the percentage of the cracked specimens over the total number of specimens in ESC tests increases with the ASP concentration. The PE 100+ has the highest resistance to ESC compared to two other HDPE materials. PE 100+ exhibits a higher crystallinity and disentanglement energy than 4710 and 3608. The failure specimens exhibit swelling phenomenon and the formation of crazes on the specimen surface.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".