Evidencing Fast, Massive, and Reversible H<sup>+</sup> Insertion in Nanostructured TiO<sub>2</sub> Electrodes at Neutral pH. Where Do Protons Come From?
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ongoing developments of sustainable energy technologies based on high-surface-area semiconductive metal oxide electrodes operating under mild and safe aqueous conditions require deep understanding of proton and electron transfer/transport throughout their porous structure. To address this issue, we investigated the electrochemical reductive protonation of high surface area nanostructured amorphous TiO 2 electrodes (produced by glancing angle deposition) in both buffered and unbuffered aqueous solutions. Quantitative analysis of the two charge storage mechanisms was achieved, allowing proper deconvolution of the electrical double-layer capacitive charge storage from the reversible faradaic one resulting from the proton-coupled reduction of bulk TiO 2 . We evidence that this latter process occurs reversibly and extensively (up to an intercalation ratio of 20%) not only under strongly acidic pH conditions but also, more interestingly, under neutral pH with the intercalated proton arising from the buffer rather than water. Moreover, we show that in comparison with reductive Li + intercalation the proton-coupled electron charge storage occurs more rapidly (in a few seconds). This important finding suggests that a high-rate and high-power charge storage device could potentially be achieved with the reversible H + -coupled charge/discharge process in TiO 2 at neutral pH, opening thus new opportunities to the development of eco-friendly batteries for electrical energy storage.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it