High‐Intensity Interval Training With or Without Post‐Exercise Milk Consumption Improves Cardiovascular Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High‐intensity interval training (HIIT) can improve several aspects of cardiometabolic health that are important for older adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D), including cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition and endothelial function. Previous studies have suggested that adaptations to exercise training can be augmented with post‐exercise milk or protein consumption but whether this nutritional strategy can impact cardiovascular adaptations to HIIT in T2D is unknown. Purpose To examine if cardiovascular adaptations to HIIT can be enhanced by post‐exercise milk supplementation in patients with T2D. Methods A proof‐of‐concept double‐blind controlled trial randomized 50 adults with physician‐diagnosed T2D (58 ± 9 y, A1c: 7.1 ± 0.8%, BMI: 35 ± 7 kg/m 2 ) to one of three nutritional beverages (500 mL skim milk, milk‐protein isolate or flavored water placebo, n=16–17 per group) consumed after exercise training (2× cardio‐ and 1× resistance‐based HIIT per week for 12 weeks). HIIT progressed from four (week 1) to 10 (weeks 6–12) 1‐min intervals of vigorous effort (eliciting ~85–90% maximal heart rate [HR max ]) interspersed with 1‐min rest/recovery. Resting HR, blood pressure (MAP), brachial artery flow‐mediated dilation (%FMD) and carotid‐femoral pulse‐wave velocity (PWV) were measured before and 72 h after the intervention. Cardiorespiratory fitness (V̇O 2 peak ) and HR max were measured via incremental cycling test to exhaustion with expired gas analyses before and after training. Data were analyzed using general linear mixed models (SPSS) with magnitude‐based inferences for clinically meaningful changes assessed using the spreadsheet available at http://www.newstats.org/ . Results There were main effects of time (p<0.05) but no group × time interactions (all p>0.31). All results are therefore presented as main effects of time with nutritional beverage groups collapsed. HIIT lowered resting HR by −2.6 bpm (95% CI: −4.5 to −0.8 bpm), MAP by −5.7 mmHg (CI: −7.8 to −3.6 mmHg) and PWV by −1.3 m/s (0 to 2.6 m/s); the reduction in PWV was possibly and reduction in MAP was most likely clinically beneficial. HIIT increased %FMD by 1.5% (CI: 0.9 to 2.0%) and V̇O 2 peak by 2.5 mL/kg/min (CI: 1.8 to 3.2 mL/kg/min); the increase in %FMD was very likely and the increase in V̇O 2 peak most likely clinically beneficial. Body mass (CI: −1.8 to 0.2 kg) and HR max (CI: −2.0 to 3.3 bpm) were not significantly changed. Conclusion Twelve weeks of HIIT significantly improves important indices of cardiovascular health in patients with T2D. Clinically meaningful improvements in blood pressure, endothelial function and cardiorespiratory fitness were evident after just 12 weeks of progressive interval training (totaling 48 – 78 minutes of exercise per week). The addition of post‐exercise milk or milk protein supplementation did not influence any of the cardiometabolic health markers assessed. Support or Funding Information Dairy Farmers of Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".