Versatility of Piezoelectric Ring Actuator Technique (P-RAT) for Characterization of Cement Paste and Mortar
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Piezoelectric ring-actuator technique (P-RAT) enables the measurement of shear wave (S-wave) velocity (Vs) of a cement-based material, which is directly related to its elastic shear modulus (G). The P-RAT can produce high quality signals with low energetic primary waves (P-waves), thus resulting in precise measurements of S-wave velocity. This paper checked the reliability of the P-RAT to monitor the setting time using the frequency spectrum of the received signals. A possibility of using the P-RAT to monitor the elastic shear modulus of the cement pastes and mortars starting at an early age was studied. This paper also discussed signal processing techniques, including phase shift correction and the first arrival time that can be used to determine the variation of Vs of cement paste and mortar, which can be interpreted to determine setting time. In total, 16 cement paste and mortar mixtures proportioned with different water-to-cement ratios (w/c), high-range water-reducing admixture dosages, and sand volume fractions were investigated. In addition to Vs measurements, the frequency content of the received signals was shown to offer another alternative to determine setting time of cement paste and mortar. To monitor the elastic shear modulus of cement paste and mortar from 1 up to 56 days, a test setup with two P-RAT sensors mounted on opposite sides of a clamping vice was developed for measuring Vs of different hardened material in shape and thickness.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".