Phytoavailability, mobility, and solid-phase speciation of antimony (Sb) and lead (Pb) in brunisolic soils surrounding a Pb-Zn smelting complex, Trail, British Columbia, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Smelting activities in the Trail, British Columbia region since the late 1890’s has emitted \nmetal(loid) contamination in the region (Pb, Zn, Cu, As, and Cd). The objective of this study \nwas to determine the potential availability, mobility and operationally defined speciation of Sb \nand Pb in contaminated soils. Total Sb and Pb are strongly enriched in surface horizons in the \nprofile (maximum of 737 and 26 376 mg kg-1), with concentrations decreasing with depth. \nSequential extractions on soils indicate an enrichment of Sb in the operationally-defined residual \n> reducible > oxidizable > easily extractable fractions (< below detection limits), whereas Pb \nshows residual > oxidizable > reducible > easily extractable fractions. Electron optical and \nmicrochemical analysis of selected magnetic grains from LFH horizons indicate the \nanthropogenically derived Sb- and Pb particles to be present as discrete oxide- and sulfide/sulfate \nparticles. The mineralogical and morphological nature of Sb- and Pb- particulate matter is \ndiverse, ranging from angular massive Sn- bearing Sb- Pb oxides, euhedral and subrounded Sboxides, \nand Pb-sulfides and sulfates. These results indicate that, although soils are highly \nenriched in Sb and Pb relative to soil quality guidelines, minimal biological uptake and mobility \nshould exist for both elements.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".