STIMULATION OF TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR 2 BY PLASMODIUMFALCIPARUM GLYCOSYLPHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS ENHANCES MACROPHAGE INTERNALIZATION OF PARASITIZED AND UNINFECTED ERYTHROCYTES
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are highly conserved innate sensing receptors that activate host defenses upon detection of microbial products. Plasmodium falciparum glycosylphosphatidylinositols (PfGPI) have been shown to stimulate macrophage cytokine production via TLR2. In addition to their role in inflammation, TLRs may also regulate phagocytosis. P. falciparum parasitized erythrocytes (PEs) can be non-opsonically internalized by macrophages in a process predominantly mediated by scavenger receptor CD36. Moreover, uninfected erythrocytes (UEs) are rendered susceptibleto macrophage clearance during malaria infection due to surface modifications, and this is believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of severe malarialanemia. We hypothesized that stimulation of macrophage TLR2 by PfGPI would enhance innate clearance of PEs as well as malaria-exposed UEs. Methods: Primaryhuman and murine macrophages were pre-stimulated with PfGPI or asynthetic TLR2 agonist (FSL-1) and phagocytosis assays were performed using P.falciparum PEs, EBABs (PE modelconsisting of anti-CD36 antibodies conjugated to human erythrocytes), IgG-opsonized PEs, and malaria-exposed UEs. Results: PfGPI and FSL-1 pre-stimulation significantly increased uptake of EBABs and P.falciparum PEs in a TLR2-dependent manner. TLR2 stimulation modestly increased Fc-mediated phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized PEs, and enhanced phagocytosis of UEs isolated from P. falciparum culture. Conclusion: TLR2-mediated macrophage activation enhanced in vitro clearance of both PEs and malaria-exposed UEs. These data underscore the complexity of TLR involvement in malaria infection: TLR-enhanced phagocytosis may benefit infected individuals by decreasing parasite burden, but in other contexts may predispose to anemia by enhancing UE destruction. Therapeutic targeting of TLR pathways in malaria requires careful consideration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".