Long-term durability of HIV viral load suppression

In The Lancet HIV, Jemma O'Connor and colleagues1O'Connor J Smith C Lampe F et al.on behalf of the UK Collaborative HIV Cohort (CHIC) StudyDurability of viral suppression with first-line antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV in the UK: an observational cohort study.Lancet HIV. 2017; (published online May 4)http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(17)30053-XPubMed Google Scholar report data on the durability of viral suppression on first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in a large cohort of patients with HIV from the UK. The authors found that the rate of viral rebound, defined as a viral load of more than 200 copies per mL or a documented treatment interruption, was very low overall (about 1% per year), providing important long-term data on viral suppression in a high-resource setting. They also reported that time since baseline (defined by the authors as 9 months after ART initiation), older age, and more recent calendar year of ART initiation were associated with durable viral load suppression. These factors have also been reported in previous studies.2Tanner Z Lachowsky N Ding E et al.for the Canadian Observation Cohort (CANOC) CollaborationPredictors of viral suppression and rebound among HIV-positive men who have sex with men in a large multi-site Canadian cohort.BMC Infect Dis. 2016; 16: 590Crossref PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar, 3Benzie AA Bansi LK Sabin CA et al.for the United Kingdom Collaborative HIV Cohort (CHIC) Study GroupIncreased duration of viral suppression is associated with lower viral rebound rates in patients with previous treatment failures.AIDS. 2007; 21: 1423-1430Crossref PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar Of note, the authors also found that black African men and women had higher rates of viral rebound, a finding that was also shown in a study investigating protease inhibitor monotherapy in the UK.4Stohr W Dunn DT Arenas-Pinto A et al.Factors associated with virological rebound in HIV-infected patients receiving protease inhibitor monotherapy.AIDS. 2016; 30: 2617-2624Crossref PubMed Scopus (18) Google Scholar Lower initial rates of viral suppression after starting ART have been commonly reported in African Americans5Weintrob AC Grandits GA Agan BK et al.for the IDCRP HIV Working GroupVirologic response differences between African Americans and European Americans initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy with equal access to care.J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009; 52: 574-580Crossref PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar and Indigenous communities in Canada,6Benoit AC Younger J Beaver K et al.for the Canadian Observational Cohort CollaborationA comparison of virological suppression and rebound between Indigenous and non-Indigenous persons initiating combination antiretroviral therapy in a multisite cohort of individuals living with HIV in Canada.Antivir Ther. 2016; (published online Dec 7)https://doi.org/10.3851/IMP3114Crossref PubMed Scopus (6) Google Scholar but not in Aboriginal people in Australia.7Templeton DJ Wright ST McManus H et al.on behalf of the Australian HIV Observational DatabaseAntiretroviral treatment use, co-morbidities and clinical outcomes among Aboriginal participants in the Australian HIV Observational Database (AHOD).BMC Infect Dis. 2015; 15: 326Crossref PubMed Scopus (5) Google Scholar A large study in the USA assessing racial differences in ART response from the AIDS Clinical Trials Group found that black participants had a 40% higher risk of virological failure than white participants.8Ribaudo HJ Smith KY Robbins GK et al.Racial differences in response to antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: an AIDS clinical trials group (ACTG) study analysis.Clin Infect Dis. 2013; 57: 1607-1617Crossref PubMed Scopus (35) Google Scholar Multiple factors are involved in racial disparities in initial viral load suppression, including ART adherence, missed clinic visits, duration of HIV infection before diagnosis, and access to health care and medication. However, unidentified factors might also be involved. A study comparing African-American with European-American US military personnel found that, despite having free access to medical care and medication and similar durations of infection before diagnosis, the proportion of people obtaining viral load suppression at 6 months and 12 months after ART initiation was still 40% lower in the African-American group.5Weintrob AC Grandits GA Agan BK et al.for the IDCRP HIV Working GroupVirologic response differences between African Americans and European Americans initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy with equal access to care.J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009; 52: 574-580Crossref PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar The data for durable viral load suppression are conflicting regarding whether minority groups or disadvantaged populations have the same5Weintrob AC Grandits GA Agan BK et al.for the IDCRP HIV Working GroupVirologic response differences between African Americans and European Americans initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy with equal access to care.J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009; 52: 574-580Crossref PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar, 6Benoit AC Younger J Beaver K et al.for the Canadian Observational Cohort CollaborationA comparison of virological suppression and rebound between Indigenous and non-Indigenous persons initiating combination antiretroviral therapy in a multisite cohort of individuals living with HIV in Canada.Antivir Ther. 2016; (published online Dec 7)https://doi.org/10.3851/IMP3114Crossref PubMed Scopus (6) Google Scholar or, as was found by O'Connor and colleagues, higher9Martin LJ Houston S Yasui Y Wild TC Saunders LD Rates of initial virological suppression and subsequent virological failure after initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy: the impact of aboriginal ethnicity and injection drug use.Curr HIV Res. 2010; 8: 649-658Crossref PubMed Scopus (13) Google Scholar rates of viral rebound than non-minority populations. Notably, a growing body of data exists that shows good overall rates of viral suppression in sub-Saharan Africa. Although adherence to treatment and clinical follow-up in HIV patients in sub-Saharan Africa are affected by socioeconomic factors, drug availability has improved substantially. As a result, studies in the region are now reporting long-term viral suppression10Barth RE van der Loeff MF Schuurman R Hoepelman AI Wensing AM Virological follow-up of adult patients in antiretroviral treatment programmes in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review.Lancet Infect Dis. 2010; 10: 155-166Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (237) Google Scholar that is comparable to that in developed countries,11Castelnuovo B Kiragga A Mubiru F Kambugu A Kamya M Reynolds SJ First-line antiretroviral therapy durability in a 10-year cohort of naive adults started on treatment in Uganda.J Int AIDS Soc. 2016; 19: 20773Crossref PubMed Scopus (16) Google Scholar and can be improved further with new approaches to adherence counselling.12Billioux A Nakigozi G Newell K et al.Durable suppression of HIV-1 after virologic monitoring-based antiretroviral adherence counseling in Rakai, Uganda.PLoS One. 2015; 10: e0127235Crossref Scopus (21) Google Scholar As O'Connor and colleagues note, the high rates of viral rebound after initial suppression in black Africans who have migrated to the UK are difficult to explain with certainty, but they might be related to socioeconomic and psychosocial factors such as homelessness, substance abuse, and mental health issues that were not measured in their study. In summary, overall rates of long-term viral suppression on first-line ART are high in this cohort of people with HIV in the UK, confirming that these patients are adhering to modern ART regimens that are well tolerated and highly effective. Emerging data in low-resource settings are also reporting improved rates of durable viral suppression, reflecting successful ART roll-out in high-burden countries. However, vulnerable populations are still at increased risk of virological failure in both settings, and we congratulate the authors for assessing minority populations in their cohort. Large studies should continue to investigate such populations to improve virological outcomes in minority groups and disadvantaged, hard-to-reach communities. Identifying subpopulations at the greatest risk of virological failure will also enable ART distribution programmes to focus their scarce resources on the most vulnerable populations. Targeting these communities is of paramount importance in order to optimise clinical outcomes and minimise transmission of HIV in both low-resource and high-resource settings. We declare no competing interests. Durability of viral suppression with first-line antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV in the UK: an observational cohort studyA substantial proportion of people on ART will not have viral rebound over their lifetime, which has implications for people with HIV and the planning of future drug development. Full-Text PDF Open Access

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